Month: June 2023

From his early days as a computer scientist at Imperial College, through to his present cross-disciplinary role at the University of Bristol with both the Medical and Veterinary Schools, Professor Andrew Dowsey has been an advocate for multidisciplinary team work. Over the course of his career, spanning his time in London, Texas, Manchester, Liverpool and now Bristol, this has seen him work with colleagues and stakeholders across the UK and USA to deliver innovative ideas and cutting-edge methodologies for the benefit of clinical practice and food security.

His Enterprise Fellowship is an extension of his Team Science approach, which aligns with the global One Health agenda – optimising health outcomes for animals and humans through an integrated approach to medicine, specifically antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In a collaborative effort involving both internal and external experts in microbiology, machine learning, bacterial genomics and public health, Professor Dowsey hopes to develop a time-critical diagnostic tool for the clinical detection of antibiotic-resistant infections.

You have several roles at the University, working on both human and animal health, though you started out as a data scientist. How did you get here?

My fascination with data science was more about what computers could do for us, rather than how they worked under the hood. During my degree in Computer Science at Imperial, I had been focused on 3D graphics and multimedia. At the time, my role was very much within Engineering rather than Health Science. I wasn’t originally planning on doing a PhD either, but then I met my future supervisor, who invited me to have a conversation after he became intrigued when he saw me working on with my face pressed up against the computer screen examining a video processing algorithm I’d developed. When I realised I could apply this interest to research in medical imaging, I never really looked back.

I started out exploring medical image computing. From that and from other people I met, I got into health data and diagnostics. When I came to Bristol in 2016, I’d been working with clinicians and surgeons for a number of years, and thought perhaps I could work with vets too. That opened my eyes to the One Health agenda, and that’s how I got into antimicrobial resistance, bugs and bacteria.

You’re an enthusiastic proponent of “team science”. Why is that?

When I started out at Imperial, I was based in the computer department, but we moved to the Institute of Biomedical Engineering so I was doing a lot of collaboration across the disciplines from the outset. When I got my first lectureship in Manchester in the Faculty of Health Sciences, working in a drug discovery centre in their NHS Foundation Trust, on bioinformatics and data science for biomarker discovery with mass spectrometry, I found myself in a truly multidisciplinary environment and experienced the benefits of being properly embedded with analytical chemists, bio-scientists and clinicians, rather than collaborating from a distance and only interacting sporadically. That approach gave me a much better understanding of what drives people. Since then, I’ve pushed for this way of being thoroughly embedded with the other disciplines.

You spearheaded the creation of the John Oldacre Centre for Dairy Welfare and Sustainability at Bristol Veterinary School. Tell us about that.

Bristol Veterinary School has one of the biggest animal welfare and behaviour groups in the world. It has a working dairy farm that is used for teaching purposes, so I felt it would be great if we could supercharge the farm for research. It’s thanks to the fact that I’m so close to that environment, with my joint role across the schools, that I was able to go down to the farm on multiple occasions and get a real sense of what they do, to understand what concerns farmers have. As a result, we’ve built a centre using Artificial Intelligence in combination with the welfare, sustainability and AMR expertise on site, that actually makes a practical difference.  For instance, we’re creating an early detection system based on how cows tend to change their social and interactive behaviours when they get a subclinical illness – much like humans avoid each other when they have a cold. Rather than purely monitoring them for explicitly present conditions, it’s opening up the prospect of using the technology to detect disease much earlier than having to wait until it’s apparent.

Your Enterprise Fellowship is specifically focused on AMR in a clinical setting. How does this build on the work you’ve been doing?

Through working on AMR, first with vets and then with clinicians at Bristol Royal Infirmary and Southmead Hospital, I’ve come to understand the clinical workflow, particularly how clinicians use mass spectrometry to identify bugs and bacteria from blood samples. I realised I could bring in the expertise and experience that my team has in mass spectrometry for the benefit of improving bacterial diagnostics; we’ve developed methods that can potentially determine the strain type and the resistance of a bug, based on data, which provides a faster response than waiting for the results from the pathology centre.

What do you hope to achieve/discover?

Currently, infection diagnostics take around 24 hours to confirm bacterial infection and a further 24 hours to determine antibiotic susceptibility. The problem is that the patients with things like severe septicaemia don’t have time to wait a day or two for the clinician to determine the right antibiotics. Our studies have shown that prediction models that use machine learning can accelerate the diagnostic process. If we can translate this technology into clinical use, that could substantially accelerate appropriate prescribing. The idea is that we can give the clinician more information about the bug or the bacteria, to help them understand the strain and whether it exhibits a particular resistance or toxicity mechanism, in such a way that a doctor can make a confident decision on that basis.

In the context of AMR, doctors also have to be concerned about AMR stewardship and not overusing certain drugs. This is also something that our approach could help with indirectly through better prescribing, and there are potential applications in outbreak detection and surveillance, too.

Your EF is focused on understanding and navigating the commercialisation process that could help take your technology into clinical practice. Was that always your intention?

I want to learn about the things I don’t know – regulations, knowledge transfer, all the things that oftentimes can feel more complicated than they are until you actually tackle them. I’ve been involved in lots of projects over the years since I was a post-doc working with multiple industrial stakeholders. I feel confident in that environment, but I don’t feel at all confident in developing my work into commercial translation because I haven’t done that before.

When I got into academic research, my passion was for getting all the way down the pipeline with an idea to the point of having something that could actually be used – that’s still my prime motivation. We’ve been talking to experts in the transfer of medical technologies, which has motivated me to look further into the limitations of artificial intelligence for diagnostics in clinical settings, especially given the potential for bias against protected characteristics – for instance, where diagnostic tools are not always as robust as they could be.

In a fundamental research context, our focus is on what information we can extract and how can that be translated into clinical use. There are lots of directions we can take this – that excites me. Talking to stakeholders and learning more about the market will reveal what we do next. Will it be a spinout or will we look at licencing? Or will this idea lead to something completely unexpected and solve a problem we’re not yet aware of? Time will tell! It’s virtually never the case that the idea you have at the start is the one you end up with at the end. I’m excited to find out which direction this will take.

Professor Andrew Dowsey is a Turing Fellow and Chair in Population Health Data Science in the Faculty of Health Sciences, where he is also the Director for Innovation and Enterprise.

 

The seeds of environmental and humanitarian advocacy were sown early in Dr Joanna Burch-Brown’s life, growing up in close proximity both to nature and communities dedicated to social justice. The radical environment of Oberlin Liberal Arts College in Ohio affirmed her interest in philosophy as a practice and discipline that nurtures understanding and drives conscientious change. After attending Cambridge for her PhD and Oxford for a post-doc, she found her way to Bristol in 2012 where a more “hands-on” approach to philosophy reaffirmed her sense of vocation.

In 2015, Dr Burch-Brown played a key role in the Countering Colston Campaign, and in the subsequent development of the Bristol History Commission, which led to the 2021 launch of Bridging Histories, a free online learning project focused on bringing divided communities together. Continuing the collaborative and community-centred approach that underpins this work, the Enterprise Fellowship awarded to Dr Burch-Brown and the team behind Bridging Histories will allow the project to expand its reach and make a greater difference.

Your writing, teaching and research is rooted in explorations of contested heritage, transitional justice, black philosophical thought and environmental ethics, and on reducing prejudice. How and when did you become interested in this area of work?

I grew up in the Apalachee Mountains in Virginia, way out in the countryside, so I became very interested in environmental issues and nature. In 1991, when I was 10, the Rodney King beatings happened in LA. All across the country there were protests around racial inequality and police brutality. Going to some of those protests were very formative experiences for me, which makes me think about how important those historic moments can be for shaping people’s outlooks.

I then got really lucky; my mum met her partner, who is an amazing theatre artist, and we became part of an organisation called Alternate Roots, a networking organisation of incredibly diverse artists across the south of the US who use the arts in communities to bring about positive social change and social justice. All of that shaped my interests and my view.

How did your experience and your training in philosophy inform your approach to working with the Countering Colston Campaign?

I spent a good period of time listening to people who had longstanding connections with Bristol explaining their thoughts about what the city’s priorities should be. As a philosopher, I was looking to see what I could usefully get behind. Engaging in those conversations, hearing what people had to say and analysing that to systematise the different views was where I felt my contribution to be.

From 2015 until 2020, I worked with the Campaign to listen to the arguments on all sides of the debate, and to then distil the most important points on both sides. I was interested in finding a way for everyone to hear each other and work towards creative solutions. It was a really hands-on way of working as a philosopher, which I loved.

Engaging people in conversations around “contested heritage and public memory” is no doubt inherently and necessarily complex and challenging – how do you navigate those conversations in a way that builds greater understanding?

With the Countering Colston Campaign, one of the other campaigners, Mark Steed, collected hundreds of letters that were coming into the Bristol Post about the proposed renaming of the Colston Hall. By analysing them and identifying each of the arguments that were being made for and against, I was able to put the arguments into systematic terms that everyone could understand.

Another key benefit is that it can be very calming for people to feel they are being heard and understood when you relay back to them the points which they can then clearly see on the table. It can also be extremely helpful for institutional decision makers, who may not have had time to study the views in great depth, to be able to see a digested version of the key concerns. All of that helps to build a bigger picture which enables people to see what creative solutions might be possible.

Tell us about your motivation for developing Bridging Histories.

I believe in acting from an attitude of fundamental respect and love towards every person. I’m interested in exploring the positive intention behind people’s views. Even if there’s something that I disagree with very deeply, I want to understand the intention behind that view and find creative ways to honour and respect different perspectives.

In developing Bridging Histories, the idea has been to dissolve the very rigid debates and frameworks that we can get locked into. Once you get people telling their stories, sharing their personal memories, so much shifts in your social imagination. As people start hearing each other’s stories and becoming curious about each other, they can step outside of what can seem like a rigid problem and find a more imaginative response.

It’s been an incredibly wholesome initiative to be running – we invite anybody anywhere to join in a series of activities that celebrate their unique identity in a way that traverses the past, present and future. We invite people to write an “I am from” poem, share a family recipe, share something about the history of where they grew up, and share something about their family history. We also invite people to investigate or even create a monument or mural. Finally, we ask people to consider how they are inhabiting the role of changemaker. There’s something beautifully connecting about the process and the stories that emerge.

Tell us about your Enterprise Fellowship; how will it expand and extend your work with Bridging Histories and what do you hope to achieve?

We’ve created a wonderful community of ambassadors who are helping to organise collaborations and changemaking projects. Now we want to take that basic structure and build a social enterprise that will allow us to work with more people. We’re frequently approached by schools, charities, museums, companies, all kinds of groups with their own reasons for wanting to bring people together across difference. Sometimes they want to solve a particular problem, sometimes it’s just about celebrating the community. By building a social enterprise, we’ll be able to offer both free resources and a more formal, bespoke package of tools, resources and support to help people tackle whatever challenges they’re facing.

What are your personal and professional aspirations in terms of where this work will lead you next?

My dream would be to have Bridging Histories roll out on a global scale, with cohorts of ambassadors all over the world, so that people could start projects anywhere they wish, where ambassadors would have the tools to apply the resources and methodologies in a locally appropriate way.

The social meanings of particular problems as faced by different communities are often really nuanced, you can’t just provide a blanket solution. The dream would be to have activities happening in different places in different ways that help to spread more awareness of how we can tackle these apparently thorny problems in a way that is really uplifting and brings people together.

I’ve been incredibly lucky to connect with some incredible partners and collaborators, from the co-leaders to the ambassadors and everyone involved in the projects we’ve had the privilege and the pleasure to be involved in. To see the project and the people involved grow, that’s the dream.

Dr Joanna Burch-Brown is a Senior Lecturer and co-Director of Teaching in the Department of Philosophy, a founding member of the University of Bristol’s Centre for Black Humanities, and academic director for the Fulbright Summer Institute on ‘Arts, Activism and Social Justice’. She also serves on the Bristol History Commission.

 

Laszlo Talas’ research focuses on computational approaches to visual perception, including animal, human and machine vision. With a background in zoology and experimental psychology, he is particularly passionate about how visual scenes can be “understood” using computers and what comparisons can be drawn with biological visual systems.

Understanding vision can help us to generate a positive impact on the world, for example, automatic disease detection systems to improve animal welfare, providing a better museum experience for visitors, or raising awareness of how the colours of animals work. 

Laszlo, congratulations again on becoming one of our first cohort of University Enterprise Fellows! Tell us about your career to date.

Thank you! My career track is fairly simple: I came to Bristol as an undergraduate in 2008 and I’ve been here ever since, climbing the academic ladder.

I did a degree in Psychology and Zoology, and then a PhD in Biological Sciences. Well, that’s what is written on the certificate! Actually, my PhD was in the cultural evolution of military camouflage, so it was fairly different from the other Biology PhDs going on around me. It was more along the lines of anthropology really. After my PhD, I continued working on camouflage as a postdoctoral research associate. The project was focusing on using artificial intelligence techniques to explore the optimal camouflage in any given environment.

After that I decided to translate my research into the veterinary world. That was quite an ambitious move. To make it even weirder, a colleague and I decided to apply for an EPSRC Fellowship jointly. Two people applying for a single fellowship with no veterinary background! Fortunately, EPSRC bought it. They funded us to explore how thermal cameras can be used to track respiratory disease in cattle. And that’s how I ended up in the Vet School, as an ESPRC Fellow and now a Lecturer in Animal Sensing and Biometrics.

You’ve worked across multiple disciplines throughout your career, and have “discipline-hopped” more than once. Was that something you set out to do from the start?

I aspire to being active across multiple fields of research rather than being a specialist in just one. I’m continuously looking for new people to collaborate with. I find Bristol to be amazing in this aspect – it provides great platforms to collaborate across disciplines, and that I really, really value.

I did a joint degree and a very interdisciplinary PhD, so I grew up in an environment where I was encouraged to talk to people in different departments. At the very beginning of my PhD, my supervisor invited me to join the Bristol Vision Institute, which helped me grow my network of academics. I became a postgraduate rep for the management team, which helped me to meet people from other schools. I also went to lectures across the University, for example Engineering undergraduate lectures, just to learn about image processing. I didn’t understand 90% of it, but everyone was very welcoming! People around me pushed me to be interdisciplinary and after a while it becomes second nature.

It’s not just other academics either. I like to work with the people in the mechanical and technical workshops. There are tools around at Bristol that are open for everybody, but a lot of people just don’t know about them. So, I tell my PhD students: “OK you want to install a CCTV camera to monitor chickens? Fine, there are two ways you can do that. You can buy one from the shop. But we can also build a camera. It’s cheaper. We can programme it the way we want it. We need a custom-made box for it? We’ll build one. We’ll order acrylic sheet and go to laser cut it ourselves. It’s not just cheaper, but you will get exactly what you want.” All this infrastructure is there, the University is an enormous resource for its researchers.

Tell us about what you want to achieve in your fellowship, which concerns automated behaviour monitoring in horses.

There is a personal dimension to this. While I work in a vet school, I’m not a vet. However, my late grandfather was a vet and my father is a vet. I was never compelled to become a vet myself, but I’ve grown up in an environment with lots of animals and I was inspired to work with them in some way.

After collaborating with my father on a paper, I learned that there’s a lot of interest in thermal photography in veterinary applications, but also a lot of bad practice. Sometimes people take a single thermal picture of an animal and then draw conclusions and diagnoses based on that. It occurred to me that we could buy many small, cheap thermal cameras, connect them with Raspberry Pi computers, and we could take millions of images of animals fairly easily. We can just install them on a farm and watch the animals continuously as they go about their day and monitor their health.

My research collaborator John and I got really interested in developing this as a means to assess lameness in horses, so we visited the Vet School to talk to veterinary academics. To secure funding, they recommended we focus on livestock, of national interest – so we turned from horses to cattle. We were initially thinking to look at lameness, but the vets recommended we focus on respiratory disease. We didn’t mind at all – we were not that married to the idea of a particular animal species or condition, we just wanted to use the tech! Whether it was a stable or a pig pen or a chicken barn, it didn’t matter to me too much. It was good advice, and we managed to get an EPSRC Innovation Fellowship to take the cattle application forward.

With the benefit of all that research, the focus of the fellowship is back to the horses. Recently, we’ve been working closely with vets at Newmarket. We reached out to Newmarket because it’s a world-renowned place for horses, both in numbers and value. Our main contact there has been extremely supportive, and it turned out he is also a Bristol graduate. We installed thermal cameras in horse stalls of a thoroughbred bloodstock and took videos of mares and foals. The focus is to automatically detect and classify behaviours of horses.

What sort of behaviours are you looking for – what are you hoping to see?

To start with, simple stuff: is the horse standing or lying down? Is it active? Then focus on more detailed behaviour, for example to detect stress. Can we detect the horse chewing on the gate? Kicking the stall? The system could let us detect signs of illness, or anxiety – a whole range of different problems.

But there’s also value in simply mapping the day of a horse, because we do not know exactly what any one horse should be doing. A textbook might say that a horse is supposed to sleep for so many hours, eat for so many hours, but there are loads of individual differences. One appealing prospect is to track horses continuously for several months and see if there are any deviations in their behaviour. All of this can build up a bigger picture of what is normal so we can detect when something is wrong.

Horses are highly valuable. The horses we work with have some of the best care in the world, they are surrounded by specialists all the time. But things still go wrong, they still have problems. If we can detect those problems earlier and solve them faster, it could be a big win for the owners and the stables as well as the vets.

You can look at automatic monitoring technologies in two ways:

The first thing we can do is to automate something that a human can do, but it’s impractical, for example it takes an unfeasible amount of time. Let’s say that you have some sort of diagnostic, like how droopy a foal’s ears are. You can, technically, ask somebody to stand there 24/7 and stare at the animal’s ears, but that’s just never going to happen, it’s not practical. If you have a system that takes the mundane work away but provides the data, vets can use the data but meanwhile focus on more productive things.

The second thing we can ask is whether technology can detect signals that the human would struggle to spot. Can we detect disease earlier? Can we do something that’s beyond the human capability? That’s very appealing – can the vets get a red-light warning on the wall to prompt them that an animal needs attention before manual methods would indicate that anything is wrong?

It’s important to note that the applications aren’t limited to racehorses! A place like Newmarket is a great environment to start with; they have lots of animals, all the infrastructure like electricity and internet, which makes it easy to collect data. However, my goal was always to focus on low-cost technologies that can ultimately be used almost anywhere and work towards products that are affordable globally. That’s why I’m a big fan of putting technology together in a “do-it-yourself” fashion. Cheaper and more adaptable.

What’s the key next step?

Academia is what I am familiar with. I do research, but I think of the research as the tip of the iceberg, and I have no experience of the part that is under the water – product development, advertising, setting up companies and so on. As an academic I could develop a great camera system, develop an automatic behaviour classification system, publish the paper and move on with life. I thought, well, maybe I can do more than that: oversee the entire process from having an idea, carrying out research to actually designing, manufacturing and selling a product. I have no experience in the latter part, but I am keen to learn more. In short, that’s why I applied for the fellowship.

I would like to go and talk to people in the equine industry to find out what their specific needs are. The list includes equine vets, stable owners, and individual owners. Rather than second guessing what the world needs, I want to use this opportunity to seek out what the actual problems are and whether I can contribute to solving them.

One more question, Laszlo: you call your technology AutoNonius. What is the significance of the name?

Ohh that! It’s just a word play really. The Nonius (or Nóniusz) is a Hungarian breed of horse (Hungary being the country I originate from). I liked the pun with “auto”, although of course what I’m doing is automatic and not autonomous! It might have to change down the line, but it is an alright working title.

Laszlo Talas is Lecturer in Animal Sensing and Biometrics at Bristol Veterinary School.

 

Professor Fabrizio Scarpa has been working on meta-materials for 26 years, as well as working on sustainable bio- and nanocomposites. In the last ten years, his research branched out in tandem to investigate the composition and potential applications of biobased materials. More recently, he has been looking into how the two could combine, with a particular focus on taking a Net Zero approach to innovation in the aerospace and transport industry.

His Enterprise Fellowship is an extension of this work, for which he is gathering a team of professional advisors and fellow researchers who can explore the industry potential of a new metamaterial biogel. With a strong team and cross-sector support, Professor Scarpa believes this metabiogel could provide a novel and environmentally responsible solution for the aerospace and transport sector, by providing a low-cost, sustainable, non-fossil alternative for vibration alleviation and energy absorption.

Why metamaterials? What is it about them that interests you and motivated you to specialise in this area?

By definition, metamaterials are systems of materials at different scales that globally provide some functionalities that are very difficult to find grouped together in a single item in nature. In that sense, they are an artificial class of solids that go beyond the bio-inspiration behind them – in designing them, the idea is to go beyond the bio-mimicry.

To me, the fascination is rooted in the fact that they push you to go big on lateral thinking. To develop a metamaterial, you need to look at what happens at the level of physics, chemistry, shape, form and functionality.

I’ve always had a great admiration for architects and artists, and several classes of these metamaterials are based on architectural principles and artistry. I find the ancient palaces of the Alcázar of Seville particularly fascinating. The tiles of the mosaics at the Palace are full of geometry patterns typical of the periodic tessellated structures present in metamaterials.

For some time, I’ve been developing three or four classes of metamaterials based on very similar architecture – and yet I’ve never visited the Alcázar! This just shows what can emerge from lateral thinking, the opportunities for creativity that open up from a scientific perspective.

Your Enterprise Fellowship is focused on developing and potentially commercialising a meta-biogel absorber. Can you describe what this is and why it matters?

Within the context of Net Zero and the decarbonisation of the world aerospace transport industry, there is a niche for materials that can be used to damp vibration and damp noise.

There has been an increasing shift towards biobased materials, and you see fossil-based composites in use. But not a lot of the metamaterials currently available take an entirely biobased approach; whereas this metabiogel can be generated from natural resources from across the globe.

It therefore responds to a global environmental concern while meeting a commercial need in a sustainable way. We are targeting the aerospace industry because there is a strong Net Zero demand, but there are potential applications for the rest of the transport sector. As a part of the solution to energy absorption and vibration, this material has an important role to play.

What motivates you to do this work, and how are you taking it forward?

I have several patented technologies that I previously developed in collaboration with industrialists. Even though from a scientific perspective I believe I’ve developed some exciting products over the years, this one really struck me as one with potential merit from a commercial perspective. This became increasingly evident after talking with my colleagues and some programme managers from funding bodies. I could really see the potential applications, which prompted me to throw myself into it.

The ultimate goal is to make something valuable that could provide a paradigmatic transition in the current vibration damping and energy absorption technologies from the use of fossil to fully biobased materials.

I may be an academic specialist but I know where my strengths and weaknesses lie, I know my pros and cons! I think you have to put your ego aside as an academic when doing something like this, because whether we make it work will depend on having the right people with the different skills and professional know-how.

I have always been inspired by Steve Jobs’ mantra – always work with people who are smarter than you. I consider myself blessed in the sense that I have a good team of PhDs and colleagues. They are all extremely good at what they do and better than myself at some things. That’s the only way to create something that is tangible for the scientific community, through collaboration.

How are you navigating the process of translating your work into a commercial venture?

Part of the work involved developing the data sets we need that will feed into the business case for the metabiogel absorber. We’re able to leverage some information from different projects that are relevant to our work. Alongside that, we need to gather the evidence that will show whether this could be a vehicle for something bigger.

I’m collaborating with two companies, one from the UK and one from the US, to see what this might look like. Understanding how this might be upscaled and funding will be important if we want it to do well.

By the end of the Fellowship, we anticipate having a strong business case, on which basis we can explore the opportunity of a start-up company and perhaps partnership with some companies to help with the Intellectual Property side of things.

Ultimately, it’s going to be important to have the right people in the right place – that will determine whether we thrive.

What do you consider to be the biggest challenge in your project and how are you addressing that?

Working in this way is a very different setup from a scientific point of view. It’s a challenge that I actually quite like. It’s something different from what I’ve done so far and it puts me outside of my comfort zone, which is good. I recognise that I am not CEO material! So, I know I need to find the right people who have the interpersonal skills and the professional skills that are necessary.

What I really like about this Enterprise Fellowship initiative is that it allows me to work with some great colleagues in an inspiring environment. I’m glad to be doing this at the University of Bristol, because there’s a recognition of how vital innovation is for all of us to flourish, as scientists and as an institution.

Aside from your core research area, what else inspires you?

I try to read as much as possible. I’m quite fascinated by Chinese and Indian philosophy from before and early periods of the Common Era, and Taoism in particular. I like the fact that these philosophies reveal a fluidity between the different components of life.

Sometimes, in the West, even at a scientific level we are known for taking a binary approach to decisions. In reality, what these philosophies have helped me discover is that every process, whether personal or scientific, needs to consider the fact that things change and things are more complex than the binary view suggests. Everything is deeply affected by its surroundings.

I think it’s important to appreciate that an ample source of knowledge is very valuable. It can feed in unexpected ways into how you proceed with your activities. The solution we want to develop for the Enterprise Fellowship similarly comes from observing the unexpected behaviour of the material outside its normal field of applications.

What would you say is the most valuable and rewarding aspect of what you do?

I’ve been quite lucky to meet people from different cultural backgrounds. This is probably one of the most important aspects of academia. We may do really astounding research but we will be remembered for what we impart to our students. This is why I try to create an environment that is conducive to bringing out people’s knowledge alongside their life experience.

For me this is probably the biggest benefit of my academic life and the reason for success – working collaboratively.

Fabrizio Scarpa is a Professor of Smart Materials and Structures at the University of Bristol’s School of Civil, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering (CAME), and the Materials Theme Leader at the Bristol Composites Institute.