The Ivory Detective: Dr Rebecca Shepherd’s Journey from Research to Enterprise

May 2025 

In our latest interview, we had the pleasure of speaking with Dr. Rebecca Shepherd, Senior Lecturer in the School of Anatomy at the University of Bristol and one of the University Enterprise Fellows for 2024/25. Rebecca shared her fascinating journey where a short discussion with one of her anatomy idols lead her to become a leading expert in ivory identification, and has seen her work with archaeologists and anthropologists, heritage organisations, auction houses, collectors and more. 

From biomedical science to mammoths 

Rebecca’s path to her current role is inspiring, and a little unconventional! She began her career in biomedical science and, after her first degree, worked for a time as a healthcare scientist in the NHS. After having her first child, she decided to pursue a PhD – never one to flinch at a challenge – and this led her to the field of anatomy. “I got involved with anatomy teaching during my PhD and absolutely loved it,” she recalls with a smile. This passion for anatomy teaching and research saw her land her first academic role at the University of Lancaster and ultimately brought her to the University of Bristol in 2022. 

Rebecca’s research focuses on using Raman spectroscopy to differentiate between elephant and mammoth ivory. This technique, which involves firing lasers at samples to analyse their molecular composition, has proven to be exceptionally useful for the differential identification of ivory in a wide range of artefacts, and is small and portable so suitable for analysis in the field such as at archaeological digs or “backstage” in museums. “It’s like being a detective for the day,” she says enthusiastically.  

Unlike other methods such as DNA analysis or radiocarbon dating, which destroy a portion of the sample and often require extensive preparation prior to testing, Raman spectroscopy is non-destructive and requires no sample preparation. This makes it particularly valuable for analysing precious artefacts without causing damage. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy can perform spatially offset analysis, allowing examination below the surface layer. This means that even if there is paint, pigments, minerals, or dirt on the surface, the technique can focus below the surface layer to examine the composition of the material underneath, negating the need to clean the sample. 

Rebecca’s journey into ivory identification began with a serendipitous conversation during her PhD. “There aren’t many celebrity anatomists, so when I heard Professor Alice Roberts was coming to Lancaster, I invited her to come and visit the Anatomy Department. To my surprise and delight, she accepted! We showed her round and then went out for lunch.  She reflected on the difficulty of ascertaining what objects found on archaeological digs were made from – especially telling the difference between elephant and mammoth ivory in carved artefacts. I was so fixated on impressing Alice Roberts I just said “sure, I can do that”. I hadn’t considered how I would actually achieve it!” she admits with a laugh. With support from her networks she got access to some specimens to start building up a library of Raman spectra, and sure enough, her confidence paid off: She could differentiate between ivory from different species. Her research gathered pace, and initially focused on archaeological applications thanks to that first conversation, but her work soon attracted the attention of the WWF, leading to collaborations aimed at wildlife conservation. While it is illegal to trade elephant ivory, there are no restrictions on the sale of mammoth ivory. The similarities between the two pose a problem for law enforcement. 

Ivory Identification in Demand: From Research to Enterprise 

Rebecca could quite easily have pursued a purely research approach to her analysis, but once her work was published and became known about in the niche field of ivory identification, her expertise quickly became highly sought after, with requests coming from law enforcement, auction houses, museums, and private individuals. “There’s a real shortage of people who can accurately identify ivory,” Rebecca explains. As explained above, most techniques are destructive – no good if you are working with rare or precious objects. Other people do it by visual inspection, but this is far from fool-proof. It’s fairly reliable if you’re working with a whole tusk or large section of a tusk, but is extremely difficult to be confident of if the ivory has been worked into an object such as jewellery, part of a musical instrument, or other small, intricate object.  

The demand led her to realise the potential for a niche consultancy service, which led her to apply for a University Enterprise Fellowship, so that she could properly explore the best way to take this forward and gain some higher qualifications to support her business case for ivory analysis as a service. 

The Fellowship’s Impact 

The University Enterprise Fellowship has been instrumental in Rebecca’s entrepreneurial journey. “It’s given me the time and resources to think about this properly, to explore and navigate the mechanisms available to me to commercialise this service, to consider my options and ascertain which way works best for me” she says. The fellowship has also provided her with valuable skills and qualifications, such as advanced laser safety. “Having that extra layer of professionalism has been really helpful when discussing with clients,” she notes. 

Rebecca acknowledges that the Fellowship has progressed differently than she initially imagined. “I had hoped to be fully self-sustaining by now, but it’s been a bit slower than I had planned,” she admits. However, she views this as a natural part of the journey and encourages others to persist and not become frustrated if things take longer to come to fruition than they had hoped. “It’s about building connections and momentum, and that’s happening,” she adds with optimism. 

Being a University Enterprise Fellow has also connected Rebecca with a community of like-minded individuals. “Being part of a community of like-minded individuals who share a passion for tackling real challenges at scale across a wide range of disciplines has been invaluable,” she says warmly. This supportive network has provided her with a sense of belonging and mutual support, which she describes as crucial in navigating the entrepreneurial landscape and connecting with similarly entrepreneurial academics and researchers. 

A Multidisciplinary Approach 

Rebecca’s project exemplifies the power of multidisciplinary research, combining biology, chemistry, physics, and data science to tackle complex problems. By using Raman spectroscopy, she leverages principles from physics and chemistry to analyse ivory samples. Her work also draws on biological and ecological knowledge to identify different ivory species. Additionally, Rebecca collaborates with data scientists to develop machine learning algorithms for analysing Raman spectra, integrating advanced computational techniques. These algorithms help automate the process of identifying ivory types by recognising patterns in the spectral data, making the analysis faster and more accurate. Rebecca initially sought help from a data scientist to create a user-friendly interface for some principal component analysis to separate out Raman spectra from different species. However, during their discussions, the data scientist suggested a more advanced approach using machine learning. As tusks contain a mineral component, they trained machine learning to differentiate between geological minerals in a large, open-source Raman dataset, and then fine-tuned on their smaller ivory dataset. This significantly improved the accuracy of ivory identification. “I just wanted a simple interface, but talking to the data scientist opened up new possibilities. They said, ‘No, we can do something so much more,’ and that’s how the AI aspect of the project came about.” 

“It’s an incredibly interdisciplinary undertaking,” Rebecca says. “We’ve got the hard physics of Raman, the material science, the AI elements, the biology of the tissue, the archaeology, and the social history.” She explains that the integration of AI allows for the handling of large datasets, improving the precision of ivory identification and enabling the detection of subtle differences that might be missed by the human eye. This approach not only enhances the accuracy and efficiency of her research but also opens up new avenues for applications in wildlife conservation, archaeology, and law enforcement. Rebecca recalls having to request information from Bristol University on how to bring a gun into the Anatomy Department for analysis because it was suspected to have mammoth ivory inlays. “The safety officer said it was the first time they’ve been asked that question, but it highlighted the diverse applications of our work,” she says with a chuckle.  

Looking Ahead 

As Rebecca continues to build her consultancy, she hopes to make it self-sustaining and use the profits to fund further research. “I want to have the flexibility to follow the interesting ideas that come up,” she says. She also sees the potential for her work to inspire others in her department. “It’s great to see colleagues now thinking about how they explore the enterprise aspects of their research – lots of people have approached me to ask for my thoughts on their ideas,” she adds. 

Rebecca’s innovative use of Raman spectroscopy and her dedication to both research and enterprise are making a significant impact in the field of ivory identification and beyond. Her story also serves as an example of the benefits of following interesting leads and questions, without necessarily knowing where they’ll take you – and having confidence you can do something before you know whether you actually can!